lose relative of Mexico's psychoactive species, Psilocybe semilanceata is a mushroom whose physical appearance resembles Psilocybe semperviva Heim & Cailleux and Psilocybe Stalks generally single, sometimes clustered, from two to four inches in height, the thickness of a goose quill, thread shaped whitish almost solid, the tube being very small, glutinous; ring, a little below the cap, scarce perceptible. “ Cap, from one to two inches in breadth, of a brown color; in the full. grown ones hemispherical, always convex, and more or lets glutinous; wet with rain, it becomes browner and transparent,'so that it sometimes appears striated. “ Gills numerous, single, of a brownish purple color, clouded; whole ones about twenty, horizontal, three shorter ones placed betwixt them; they throw out a powder of a brownish purple color." With respect to the use of it, he only says, « There is nothing acrimonious Mail Condulineas Com Mx or disagreeable in its taste, yet its appearance will not recommend it to the lovers of mushrooms." Figure 9 - Drawing and description of Psilocybe semilanceata Mail Panpi Com Tw by J. Sowerby (London, 1803). 1733. A. semilanceatus Fries (Observ. II. pag. 178). Synon. : Agaricus semiglobatus Sowerby (Engl. Fungi taf. 240. fig. 1-3). Hut etwas hautig, spitz kegelfdrmig, fast zugespitzt, 11/2 Cent. breit, 1/2 Cent. hock, feucht klebrig, fein streifig, gelb oder grunlich, zah, mit Anfangs umgeknicktem Rande und leicht trennbarer Oberhaut. Stiel zah, gebogen, 11 Cent. hock, kahl, blass.
Lamellen angeheftet, aufsteigend, purpur-schwarz.
Sporen ellptisch, hellbraun, 9 -16 u lang, 4 - 9 u dick. Ax Wegen, auf Grasphitzen, besonders wo Mist gelegen hat. spitzkegeliger Kahlkopf (Psilocybe semilanceata). Kegel-glockenformig mit papilenertiger spitze Hut-o,5-1 cm breit, bis 2cm hock, lehmfarben mit olivgrunem Stich, klebrig.
Lamellen breit, oliv-lehmfarben, spater purpurbraun. Stiel schlank, glanzend. - Gedungte Wiesen, Wegrander. Stellenweise.
Wertlos.
Figure 10 - Two descriptions of Psilocybe semilanceata from the German-language literature. The first description (top) was written over a hundred years ago, while the second one (bottom) dates to 1962. Significantly, the more recent entry classifies the species as "essentially worthless". Also see Figure 11.
mexicana Heim. Like Psilocybe semilanceata, these Mexican species thrive in meadows and pastures. Another common trait among these species is the rather subdued and subtle quality of Mail Kiowa K12 Ok Us Loc Nl their bluing reaction. Recognition of these similarities with Mexican species sparked the curiosity of scientists who wanted to learn more about Europe's Psilocybe species. A research team that included A. Hofmann and R. Heim began to study samples of Psilocybe semilanceata, in collaboration with C. Furrer, a mycologist who examined fruiting bodies collected in Switzerland and France. By 1963, paper chromatography testing had yielded data of historic significance. For the first time, scientists had

er a new therapy is adopted, occasional mistakes are not uncommon during the initial phases.
The medical use of hallucinogenic substances was no exception. However, our knowledge base and expertise on essential practical procedures has grown considerably since the pioneering days of psycholytic therapy. Having learned from initial errors, we can now prevent problems and avoid mistakes.
Psilocybin as the Drug of Choice Following its initial isolation and discovery of its chemical structure, psilocybin quickly joined the group of hallucinogens used in therapeutic settings. The alkaloid was considered to be quite safe, based on existing toxicological data. H. Leuner still considers psilocybin the most effective alkaloid for use as a pharmaceutical aid in psychotherapy, despite recent progress in developing other substances designed for therapeutic applications, such as the substituted phenethylamines like MDMA. Psilocybin's reputation as a substance well suited for psychotherapeutic applications is related to its extremely low toxicity. Most importantly, dosages below the 10 mg threshold can be measured with accuracy. This is significant, because dosages of up to 10 mg are not only known to be therapeutically efficient, but effects within this dosage range can always be brought under control. The states of consciousness induced by psilocybin last only five hours, on average, and thus can be more conveniently utilized than altered states caused by LSD, whose effects persist for much longer time periods. LSD should be considered a more

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